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 When forces are applied to a plasma (or any fluid) in the presence of a damping force (viscosity, friction, collisions, etc), the plasma achieves a steady-state velocity (i.e. terminal velocity) with the form When forces are applied to a plasma (or any fluid) in the presence of a damping force (viscosity, friction, collisions, etc), the plasma achieves a steady-state velocity (i.e. terminal velocity) with the form
  
-$\left< v \right> = \text{constant} * \frac{F_{orces}}{e} $.  +$\left< v \right> = \text{constants} * F_{orces}$.  
  
 If the forces are electromagnetic, the process is called electrical conductivity (or resistivity).  If the forces are pressures and density gradients, the process is called diffusion.  The two cases can also be mixed. If the forces are electromagnetic, the process is called electrical conductivity (or resistivity).  If the forces are pressures and density gradients, the process is called diffusion.  The two cases can also be mixed.
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 Electromagnetic form, Electromagnetic form,
  
-$  J   = \sigma \left( E + v x B \right) $ [[https://w3.pppl.gov/~jchen/books/JDCallen/chap6.pdf|callen_ch6]]+$  J   = \sigma \left( E + v \times B \right) $ [[https://w3.pppl.gov/~jchen/books/JDCallen/chap6.pdf|callen_ch6]]
  
 ==== Diffusion ==== ==== Diffusion ====
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